Toxicity of Nano emulsions of Clove (Syzigium aromaticum L.) and Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Essential Oil Against Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith

Abstract

Spodoptera frugiperda is a significant maize pest that significantly reduces crop yields. Conventional control typically
involves chemical insecticides, which can lead to environmental harm and food safety concerns. Therefore, ecofriendly alternatives such as botanical insecticides are needed. This study evaluated the toxicity of nanoemulsions of
clove (Syzigium aromaticum) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) essential oils against third-instar larvae of S.
frugiperda. The research methods included rearing S. frugiperda, extracting essential oils, formulating
nanoemulsions, and conducting toxicity tests. Analysis using Polo-PC showed that both LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values
decreased over the observation period from 24 to 96 hours after treatment (HAT). For clove essential oil nano
emulsion, LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values were 0.52% and 7.16% (24 HAT); 0.43% and 5.03% (48 HAT); 0.36% and 4.14%
(72 HAT); and 0.35% and 4.02% (96 HAT). For nutmeg essential oil nano emulsion, LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values were
1.43% and 10.20% (24 HAT); 1.10% and 10.51% (48 HAT); 0.90% and 11.23% (72 HAT); and 0.60% and 6.06%
(96 HAT). Based on the LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values, the study concludes that clove and nutmeg essential oil nanoemulsions
have potential as botanical insecticides against S. frugiperda larvae and offer a safer alternative for the environment
and human health.